The Osteogenesis Mechanisms of Dental Alveolar Bone Socket Post Induction with Hydroxyapatite Bovine Tooth Graft: An Animal Experimental in Rattus norvegicus Strain Wistar.

OBJECTIVES: Surgical endodontics (hemisection) commonly involves the alveolar bone socket and the periradicular tissue. In today's era, optimizing the bone healing process is updated by using bone graft induction. This study explores the mechanisms of bone healing of the alveolar bone socket post-dental extraction of Wistar rats after administration of a bovine tooth graft (hydroxyapatite bovine tooth graft [HAp-BTG]). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats were randomly selected into two groups, control and treatment, and into five subgroups on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The postextraction socket was filled with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the control and PEG + HAp-BTG as the treatment group. On days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, Wistar rats were sacrificed, mandibles were taken, paraffin blocks were made, cut 4 µm thick, and made into glass preparations for microscopic examination. The variable analysis was performed by staining hematoxylin-eosin for osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) and immunohistochemistry for runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osterix (OSX), osteocalcin (OCN), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 2. We analyzed the expressed cell count per microscope field. RESULTS: In general, the number of cell expressions in the treatment group was significantly higher and faster, except for significantly lower OC. The high variables peak occurred on day 14 for RUNX2 and OCN, on day 7 for OSX, while OB significantly increased on day 21 and remained until day 28. The decrease of OC cells occurred on day 7 and remained low until 28 days. BMP2 was first dominantly induced by HAp-BTG, then the others. CONCLUSION: HAp-BTG can induce higher and faster bone healing biomarkers. BMP2 is the dominant first impacted. On the 28th day, it did not significantly express the suppression of OC by OB, which entered the bone formation and remodeling step.

The Clinical Pattern and Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus among Adult and Children Patients with Dental Caries

Abstract Objective: To explore the clinical pattern, host factors, and presentation of Streptococcus mutans related to caries incidence among children and adults visiting Universitas Airlangga dental clinic. Material and Methods: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach with 50 patients in each group of carious children (6-12 years) and adults (18-35 years). Dental decay samples were taken by sterile excavator, put in a BHI's transport medium, and directly incubated overnight at 37 ºC. The next day, they were sub-cultured microbiologically in Tryptone Yeast Cystine Sucrose Bacitracin (TYCSB) selective medium. Bacterial species and serogroups were examined by PCR. All patient's data were collected from medical records and direct observation. Results: Caries were mostly media type in both children and adults. Oral hygiene (OHIS) in children was higher than in adults but not significantly different according to their DMFT. The highest scores for decay, missed and filled teeth were 16, 8 and 7, with an average of 6.82, 1.22 and 0.63, considered quite high. Conclusion: The prevalence of S. mutans was higher in children's caries than in adults, but among the adult patients the co-incidence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was associated with higher DMFT. The mutans serotypes e, f, and d were more prevalent among children than adults.

Difference of Chemical Bonds Between UDMA Bonding Agents with Ethanol Solvent and Acetone Solvent on Dentin Collagen

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the difference of chemical bonds between urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) bonding agents with ethanol solvent and acetone solvent on dentin collagen. Material and Methods: This experimental comparison study used three groups: G1 (Control): UDMA and collagen; G2: UDMA, collagen and ethanol; and G3: UDMA, collagen and acetone. The groups were then pelleted and analysed with FTIR, then the peak value of carbonyl absorption band from each study group was calculated. The result of FTIR analysis and the peak of carbonyl absorption band (P) was calculated using the formula: P = (BC / AB) X 100; AB. BC is measured in centimeters. The study of chemical bond differences between ethanol-solvent UDMA agents compared with acetone-solvent on dentin collagen resulted in a graph of peak of carbonyl absorption bands of UDMA and dentin collagen groups. To determine the chemical bonds of UDMA from the top of the carbonyl ester absorption bands with wavenumber absorption in range 1700-1750 cm-1, the decreasing peak of the carbonyl absorption bands is assumed as more chemical bonds that formed. Data were analysed using Anova one way and Tukey HSD test. Results: There were significant differences between the three study groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: UDMA bonding agents' chemical bonds with acetone solvent are much higher than the chemical bonds between UDMA bonding agents with ethanol solvent on dentin collagen.

The solubility and water sorption properties of a combination of Ca(OH)2and propolis when used as pulp capping material.

BACKGROUND: Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is a material used during pulp capping treatment, despite being readily soluble in both water and acid. In contrast, propolis constitutes a nontoxic resin which is not easily dissolved in water. Therefore, a combination of Ca(OH)2and propolis is assumed to be capable of increasing the mechanical properties of Ca(OH)2and to diffuse into the dentinal tubules. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to reveal the solubility and water sorption ability of a combination of Ca(OH)2and propolis as pulp capping material. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The samples comprised 18 Ca(OH)2and Ca(OH)2-propolis chips, 15 mm × 1 mm in dimension, all of which were stored in an incubator for 24 h at 37°C. Each sample was then divided into two groups: one dissolved in 50 mL of artificial saliva for 24 h at 37°C and another for 7 days before being weighed, dried, incubated, and weighed for a second time. The result of the reduction in mass divided by the volume of the samples was considered to constitute the level of solubility and water sorption. The difference between the solubility and water sorption ability was analyzed using an independent t-test with significant difference <0.05. RESULTS: The solubility of Ca(OH)2-propolis is lower than that of Ca(OH)2 after immersion for 1 day (P = 0.001) and 7 days (P = 0.000). The water sorption ability of Ca(OH)2-propolis is no different than that of Ca(OH)2after immersion for 1 day (P = 0.088) and 7 days (P = 0.635). However, the water sorption ability of Ca(OH)2-propolis after 1-day immersion is higher than immersion for 7 days (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The solubility Ca(OH)2-propolis is lower than that of Ca(OH)2, but its water sorption is higher than that of Ca(OH)2.

In vivo Study of Sealing Capability of Raw Propolis Extract and Calcium Hydroxide on Dentin Surface.

AIM: This research aimed to investigate the differences in the sealing capability of propolis extracts and Ca(OH)2 on dentin surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen mandible incisors of Wistar rats were prepared at a depth of 0.5 mm after which they were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6) including control (C), pulp-capped with Ca(OH)2 group (P1), and indirect pulp-capped with propolis extract group (P2). All the cavities were sealed with glass ionomer restorative cement. Moreover, the sections of the teeth were obtained after six Wistar Rats from each group were sacrificed on the second day after treatment. The rats' incisors were cleaved transversally to the area where Ca(OH)2 and propolis extract bonded with dentin for the SEM (scanning electron microscope) analysis and examined using microphotographs test with 5000x magnification. All the samples were measured and examined with spectrophotometry test to determine the bonding distance between Ca(OH)2 and dentin, as well as propolis extract and dentin. The result from the two tests was analyzed with SPSS using an independent t-test at p <0.05. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the calcium hydroxide and propolis extract groups (p<0.05) based on the results obtained in the form of spectrums chemical functional groups of spectrophotometry examination. No new chemical bonding or compound was also observed to have been formed between propolis extract with dentin as well as calcium hydroxide with dentin. CONCLUSION: The adaptation or sealing capability of propolis extract was found to be better than calcium hydroxide to the dentin surface.

East java extract propolis as potential intracanal medicament in experimentally induced chronic apical periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: A persistent infection after cleaning and shaping root canal is the main etiology of root canal treatment failure. Enterococcus faecalis has been considered as one of the most resistant species in root canal treatment. E. faecalis can stimulate receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) which can increase nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFATc1) in chronic apical periodontitis. East Java propolis has antibacterial effects and is biocompatible with in vitro effects. AIM: This study is aimed to analyze the East Java propolis extract as potential intracanal medicament in chronic apical periodontitis caused by E. faecalis bacterial infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used 30 Wistar rats divided into three groups. In Group I, the first upper right molar tooth as healthy tooth was used for negative control group. In Group II, the first upper right molar tooth was used for a prepared root canal, and 10 ml brain heart infusion broth containing E. faecalis ATCC29212 106 CFU was injected into the canal and restored with glass-ionomer cement (GIC) for the experimentally induced chronic apical periodontitis group. In Group III, after root canal preparation, E. faecalis ATCC 29212 106 CFU was injected, and then, 10 µl propolis applied and tooth restored with GIC. It took 21 days for the periapical lesions to develop after pulp infection. The rats were then sacrificed to conduct immunohistochemical examinations in order to measure the expressions of RANKL and NFATc1. RESULTS: The average of RANKL and NFATc1 expression in Group III was significantly lower than those in the experimentally induced chronic apical periodontitis group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that East Java propolis extract is a potential intracanal medicament through the study of experimentally induced chronic apical periodontitis caused by E. faecalis infection in Wistar rats.

Expression of Osteoprotegrin and Osteoclast Level in Chronic Apical Periodontitis Induced with East Java Propolis Extract.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this animal study was to promote East Java propolis as a potential natural intracanal medicament for periapical chronic apical periodontitis bone resorption through evaluating the expression of osteoprotegrin (OPG) and osteoclast level. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Propolis extract was produced using a maceration procedure. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups. In group I, the control group, the first upper right molar constituted a healthy tooth. In group II, containing rodents with experimentally chronicapical periodontitis, infection with Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212 106 CFU was performed. In group III, the treatment group, after being injected with E faecalis, 10 µL propolis was applied. It required 21 days to induce post-pulp chronic apical periodontitis infection. The rats were euthanised for immunohistochemical examination in order to measure the expression of OPG and to count histologically the number of osteoclast. RESULT: The expression of OPG and osteoclast constituted 17.5±1.58 and 6.4±0.96 in group I, 10±2 and 16.2±1.31 in group II and 17±1.69 and 7.5±1.08 in group III. Group I presented the highest level of OPG expression but the lowest level of osteoclast expression. There were significant differences between groups II and III and group I regarding OPG and osteoclast expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: East Java Propolis was a potential intracanal medicament promoting an increase in osteoprotegerin expression and a decrease in the number of osteoclasts thereby inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.